Use lifetimed, type erased pointers in bevy_ecs (bevyengine#3001)

# Objective

`bevy_ecs` has large amounts of unsafe code which is hard to get right and makes it difficult to audit for soundness.

## Solution

Introduce lifetimed, type-erased pointers: `Ptr<'a>` `PtrMut<'a>` `OwningPtr<'a>'` and `ThinSlicePtr<'a, T>` which are newtypes around a raw pointer with a lifetime and conceptually representing strong invariants about the pointee and validity of the pointer.

The process of converting bevy_ecs to use these has already caught multiple cases of unsound behavior.

## Changelog

TL;DR for release notes: `bevy_ecs` now uses lifetimed, type-erased pointers internally, significantly improving safety and legibility without sacrificing performance. This should have approximately no end user impact, unless you were meddling with the (unfortunately public) internals of `bevy_ecs`.

- `Fetch`, `FilterFetch` and `ReadOnlyFetch` trait no longer have a `'state` lifetime
    - this was unneeded
- `ReadOnly/Fetch` associated types on `WorldQuery` are now on a new `WorldQueryGats<'world>` trait
    - was required to work around lack of Generic Associated Types (we wish to express `type Fetch<'a>: Fetch<'a>`)
- `derive(WorldQuery)` no longer requires `'w` lifetime on struct
    - this was unneeded, and improves the end user experience
- `EntityMut::get_unchecked_mut` returns `&'_ mut T` not `&'w mut T`
    - allows easier use of unsafe API with less footguns, and can be worked around via lifetime transmutery as a user
- `Bundle::from_components` now takes a `ctx` parameter to pass to the `FnMut` closure
    - required because closure return types can't borrow from captures
- `Fetch::init` takes `&'world World`, `Fetch::set_archetype` takes `&'world Archetype` and `&'world Tables`, `Fetch::set_table` takes `&'world Table`
    - allows types implementing `Fetch` to store borrows into world
- `WorldQuery` trait now has a `shrink` fn to shorten the lifetime in `Fetch::<'a>::Item`
    - this works around lack of subtyping of assoc types, rust doesnt allow you to turn `<T as Fetch<'static>>::Item'` into `<T as Fetch<'a>>::Item'`
    - `QueryCombinationsIter` requires this
- Most types implementing `Fetch` now have a lifetime `'w`
    - allows the fetches to store borrows of world data instead of using raw pointers

## Migration guide

- `EntityMut::get_unchecked_mut` returns a more restricted lifetime, there is no general way to migrate this as it depends on your code
- `Bundle::from_components` implementations must pass the `ctx` arg to `func`
- `Bundle::from_components` callers have to use a fn arg instead of closure captures for borrowing from world
- Remove lifetime args on `derive(WorldQuery)` structs as it is nonsensical
- `<Q as WorldQuery>::ReadOnly/Fetch` should be changed to either `RO/QueryFetch<'world>` or `<Q as WorldQueryGats<'world>>::ReadOnly/Fetch`
- `<F as Fetch<'w, 's>>` should be changed to `<F as Fetch<'w>>`
- Change the fn sigs of `Fetch::init/set_archetype/set_table` to match respective trait fn sigs
- Implement the required `fn shrink` on any `WorldQuery` implementations
- Move assoc types `Fetch` and `ReadOnlyFetch` on `WorldQuery` impls to `WorldQueryGats` impls
- Pass an appropriate `'world` lifetime to whatever fetch struct you are for some reason using

### Type inference regression

in some cases rustc may give spurrious errors when attempting to infer the `F` parameter on a query/querystate this can be fixed by manually specifying the type, i.e. `QueryState::new::<_, ()>(world)`. The error is rather confusing:

```rust=
error[E0271]: type mismatch resolving `<() as Fetch<'_>>::Item == bool`
    --> crates/bevy_pbr/src/render/light.rs:1413:30
     |
1413 |             main_view_query: QueryState::new(world),
     |                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected `bool`, found `()`
     |
     = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `for<'x> FilterFetch<'x>` for `<() as WorldQueryGats<'x>>::Fetch`
note: required by a bound in `bevy_ecs::query::QueryState::<Q, F>::new`
    --> crates/bevy_ecs/src/query/state.rs:49:32
     |
49   |     for<'x> QueryFetch<'x, F>: FilterFetch<'x>,
     |                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `bevy_ecs::query::QueryState::<Q, F>::new`
```

---

Made with help from @BoxyUwU and @alice-i-cecile 

Co-authored-by: Boxy <supbscripter@gmail.com>

crates/bevy_ecs/macros/src/lib.rs

@@ -124,18 +124,17 @@ pub fn derive_bundle(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
                 self.#field.get_components(&mut func);
             });
             field_from_components.push(quote! {
-                #field: <#field_type as #ecs_path::bundle::Bundle>::from_components(&mut func),
+                #field: <#field_type as #ecs_path::bundle::Bundle>::from_components(ctx, &mut func),
             });
         } else {
             field_component_ids.push(quote! {
                 component_ids.push(components.init_component::<#field_type>(storages));
             });
             field_get_components.push(quote! {
-                func((&mut self.#field as *mut #field_type).cast::<u8>());
-                std::mem::forget(self.#field);
+                #ecs_path::ptr::OwningPtr::make(self.#field, &mut func);
             });
             field_from_components.push(quote! {
-                #field: func().cast::<#field_type>().read(),
+                #field: func(ctx).inner().as_ptr().cast::<#field_type>().read(),
             });
         }
     }
@@ -157,14 +156,17 @@ pub fn derive_bundle(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
             }
 
             #[allow(unused_variables, unused_mut, non_snake_case)]
-            unsafe fn from_components(mut func: impl FnMut() -> *mut u8) -> Self {
+            unsafe fn from_components<T, F>(ctx: &mut T, mut func: F) -> Self
+            where
+                F: FnMut(&mut T) -> #ecs_path::ptr::OwningPtr<'_>
+            {
                 Self {
                     #(#field_from_components)*
                 }
             }
 
             #[allow(unused_variables, unused_mut, forget_copy, forget_ref)]
-            fn get_components(mut self, mut func: impl FnMut(*mut u8)) {
+            fn get_components(self, mut func: impl FnMut(#ecs_path::ptr::OwningPtr<'_>)) {
                 #(#field_get_components)*
             }
         }

crates/bevy_ecs/src/bundle.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     archetype::{AddBundle, Archetype, ArchetypeId, Archetypes, ComponentStatus},
     component::{Component, ComponentId, ComponentTicks, Components, StorageType},
     entity::{Entities, Entity, EntityLocation},
+    ptr::OwningPtr,
     storage::{SparseSetIndex, SparseSets, Storages, Table},
 };
 use bevy_ecs_macros::all_tuples;
@@ -85,14 +86,15 @@ pub unsafe trait Bundle: Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// # Safety
     /// Caller must return data for each component in the bundle, in the order of this bundle's
     /// [`Component`]s
-    unsafe fn from_components(func: impl FnMut() -> *mut u8) -> Self
+    unsafe fn from_components<T, F>(ctx: &mut T, func: F) -> Self
     where
+        F: FnMut(&mut T) -> OwningPtr<'_>,
         Self: Sized;
 
     /// Calls `func` on each value, in the order of this bundle's [`Component`]s. This will
     /// [`std::mem::forget`] the bundle fields, so callers are responsible for dropping the fields
     /// if that is desirable.
-    fn get_components(self, func: impl FnMut(*mut u8));
+    fn get_components(self, func: impl FnMut(OwningPtr<'_>));
 }
 
 macro_rules! tuple_impl {
@@ -105,21 +107,23 @@ macro_rules! tuple_impl {
 
             #[allow(unused_variables, unused_mut)]
             #[allow(clippy::unused_unit)]
-            unsafe fn from_components(mut func: impl FnMut() -> *mut u8) -> Self {
+            unsafe fn from_components<T, F>(ctx: &mut T, mut func: F) -> Self
+            where
+                F: FnMut(&mut T) -> OwningPtr<'_>
+            {
                 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
                 let ($(mut $name,)*) = (
-                    $(func().cast::<$name>(),)*
+                    $(func(ctx).inner().cast::<$name>(),)*
                 );
-                ($($name.read(),)*)
+                ($($name.as_ptr().read(),)*)
             }
 
             #[allow(unused_variables, unused_mut)]
-            fn get_components(self, mut func: impl FnMut(*mut u8)) {
+            fn get_components(self, mut func: impl FnMut(OwningPtr<'_>)) {
                 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
                 let ($(mut $name,)*) = self;
                 $(
-                    func((&mut $name as *mut $name).cast::<u8>());
-                    std::mem::forget($name);
+                    OwningPtr::make($name, &mut func);
                 )*
             }
         }

crates/bevy_ecs/src/component.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Types for declaring and storing [`Component`]s.
 
 use crate::{
+    ptr::OwningPtr,
     storage::{SparseSetIndex, Storages},
     system::Resource,
 };
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ impl ComponentInfo {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn drop(&self) -> unsafe fn(*mut u8) {
+    pub fn drop(&self) -> unsafe fn(OwningPtr<'_>) {
         self.descriptor.drop
     }
 
@@ -154,7 +155,6 @@ impl SparseSetIndex for ComponentId {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ComponentDescriptor {
     name: String,
     // SAFETY: This must remain private. It must match the statically known StorageType of the
@@ -165,13 +165,28 @@ pub struct ComponentDescriptor {
     is_send_and_sync: bool,
     type_id: Option<TypeId>,
     layout: Layout,
-    drop: unsafe fn(*mut u8),
+    // SAFETY: this function must be safe to call with pointers pointing to items of the type
+    // this descriptor describes.
+    drop: for<'a> unsafe fn(OwningPtr<'a>),
+}
+
+// We need to ignore the `drop` field in our `Debug` impl
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ComponentDescriptor {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ComponentDescriptor")
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .field("storage_type", &self.storage_type)
+            .field("is_send_and_sync", &self.is_send_and_sync)
+            .field("type_id", &self.type_id)
+            .field("layout", &self.layout)
+            .finish()
+    }
 }
 
 impl ComponentDescriptor {
     // SAFETY: The pointer points to a valid value of type `T` and it is safe to drop this value.
-    unsafe fn drop_ptr<T>(x: *mut u8) {
-        x.cast::<T>().drop_in_place();
+    unsafe fn drop_ptr<T>(x: OwningPtr<'_>) {
+        x.inner().cast::<T>().as_ptr().drop_in_place()
     }
 
     pub fn new<T: Component>() -> Self {
@@ -330,7 +345,7 @@ impl Components {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ComponentTicks {
     pub(crate) added: u32,
     pub(crate) changed: u32,

crates/bevy_ecs/src/lib.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub mod change_detection;
 pub mod component;
 pub mod entity;
 pub mod event;
+pub mod ptr;
 pub mod query;
 #[cfg(feature = "bevy_reflect")]
 pub mod reflect;
@@ -46,14 +47,12 @@ pub use bevy_ecs_macros::all_tuples;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate as bevy_ecs;
+    use crate::prelude::Or;
     use crate::{
         bundle::Bundle,
         component::{Component, ComponentId},
         entity::Entity,
-        query::{
-            Added, ChangeTrackers, Changed, FilterFetch, FilteredAccess, Or, With, Without,
-            WorldQuery,
-        },
+        query::{Added, ChangeTrackers, Changed, FilteredAccess, With, Without, WorldQuery},
         world::{Mut, World},
     };
     use bevy_tasks::TaskPool;
@@ -899,10 +898,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        fn get_filtered<F: WorldQuery>(world: &mut World) -> Vec<Entity>
-        where
-            F::Fetch: FilterFetch,
-        {
+        fn get_filtered<F: WorldQuery>(world: &mut World) -> Vec<Entity> {
             world
                 .query_filtered::<Entity, F>()
                 .iter(world)